Soon after in the 40s another virus was also identified, and named influenza B. The current conventional flu vaccine and its potential to protect people and save lives is constantly being developed, and work is far from complete.
In , the world saw the first outbreak of a Pandemic Influenza virus this century. Such new viruses occur when the virus juggles its genes with those of another virus in a different animal, and then humans are exposed to a virus never seen before. Each year, however, the virus also changes slowly.
Unlike a Pandemic Influenza virus that appears from nowhere, these yearly viruses are caused by slow and subtle changes. Because of these viruses that drift known as antigenic drift to scientific geeks in the field each year, we need to have a new vaccine.
This year, with Aussie Flu, we have seen that influenza can catch us unprepared. The forties: inactivated influenza vaccines Influenza vaccination had two main objectives: i to protect against disease, and ii to achieve a high vaccination rate in order to ensure protection in unvaccinated people.
The fifties: influenza mismatch and influenza surveillance The first system for the surveillance of circulating influenza virus strains in several countries worldwide was created in by the World Health Organization WHO in order to monitor the various virus mismatches reported.
The sixties: split vaccines New inactivated compounds were tested for safety and efficacy during seasonal epidemics in the s, in particular two new formulations were created: split and subunit vaccines. The seventies: genetic reassortment Split vaccines were widely used during the pandemic swine influenza in and in , when the H1N1 subtype re-emerged worldwide.
The eighties: subunit vaccines In , the first subunit vaccines were licensed in the United Kingdom and are currently available in several countries worldwide. Live attenuated influenza vaccines In the period , the first clinical trials involving live attenuated influenza vaccines were conducted. Recent years In recent years, scientific research developed new techniques of immunization, which may be more immunogenic and better tolerated during administration, thereby reducing adverse events.
Conclusions In the hundred years since the influenza virus was isolated, influenza vaccine preparations have evolved to ensure effective protection, while maintaining a good safety and tolerability profile.
References 1. Compounds with anti-influenza activity: present and future of strategies for the optimal treatment and management of influenza.
Part I: Influenza life-cycle and currently available drugs. Part II: Future compounds against influenza virus. Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and Swine: proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family. Cocirculation of two distinct genetic and antigenic lineages of proposed influenza D virus in cattle. J Virol. Influenza D virus in cattle, France, Emerg Infect Dis. Current and next generation influenza vaccines: Formulation and production strategies.
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Vaccination: a history. Dictionnaire des precurseurs en bacteriologie. Earthscan; A virus obtained from influenza patients. The immunization of human volunteers. Francis T. Bull World Health Organ. Burnett FM. Influenza virus infection of the chick embryo lung. Br J Exp Pathol. Stanley WM. The preparation and properties of influenza virus vaccines concentrated and purified by differential centrifugation. Seasonal Influenza — Key facts about Influenza flu. Kamps, B. Influenza Report Paris: Flying Publisher, The first influenza vaccine was approved for military use in the United States in and civilian use in This whole-virus, inactivated influenza A and B vaccine had been tested in military recruits and college students before approval.
Thomas Francis Jr. Influenza vaccine development was a high priority for the U. Hilleman noticed news reports of a severe influenza in Hong Kong. The number of cases and their description led him to think that a new type of influenza was emerging and that a pandemic threatened. Hilleman and his team obtained a sample of the virus from a U.
They soon determined that most people lacked antibody protection from the new influenza virus. Only a few elderly people who had survived the influenza pandemic of showed antibody response to the new virus. Hilleman jump-started vaccine production by sending virus samples to manufacturers and urging them to develop the vaccine in four months. Worldwide, from , about 2 million people died from Asian flu, with about 70, deaths in the United States.
Some predicted that the U. Health officials widely credited that vaccine with saving many lives. True or false? The most common severe complication from influenza is vomiting. Article Menu [ ]. Vaccine Science [ ]. Biological Weapons, Bioterrorism, and Vaccines. Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy. Careers in Vaccine Research. Ebola Virus Disease and Ebola Vaccines.
Human Cell Strains in Vaccine Development. Identifying Pathogens and Transmission Vectors. Malaria and Malaria Vaccine Candidates.
Passive Immunization. The Future of Immunization. Vaccines for Pandemic Threats. Viruses and Evolution. It is a critical tool for tracking the movement of flu viruses globally. Country data is updated weekly and is publically available. A virus that is a hybrid of human, bird and swine flu viruses is detected in pigs. This virus becomes the dominant flu virus in U. June The first nasal spray flu vaccine is licensed. Government National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza is published The entire genome of the H1N1 pandemic influenza virus is sequenced CDC stops recommending adamantanes during the season after high levels of resistance among influenza A viruses.
In the US, resistance increased from 1. The document outlines U. These tests can detect influenza with high specificity that enhances diagnosis and treatment options. CDC begins working to develop a virus called a candidate vaccine virus that could be used to make vaccine to protect against this new virus.
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